Holes - Book Report essays

Holes - Book Report essays Holes, written by the excellent author, Louis Sachar, is an adventure and mystery book with a humorous touch. The story takes place mainly at the hot and humid Camp Green Lake, a juvenile detention facility where there is no lake, and no happy campers. In place of what used to be "the largest lake in Texas" is now a dry, flat, sunburned wasteland. It hasnt rained there for over a hundred years. The only living plants there were two large trees and a hammock stretched out between the trees. Of course, no one was allowed to lay on it except for the Warden or else theyd get in a lot of trouble. A log cabin was behind the trees and thats where the Warden spent most of her time. Camp Green Lake was pocked with countless identical holes dug by boys to improve their character, or at least thats the reigning philosophy at Camp Green Lake. The story takes place in the present time but contains flashbacks of over one hundred years ago to explain how the whole plot started. There were five larg e tents at the camp. A, B, C, D, and E were for the campers and tent F was where the counselors slept. Stanley was assigned to D tent. The three most important characters in this book are Stanley Yelnats a.k.a Caveman, Hector Zeroni a.k.a. Zero, and Linda Miller, the warden at Camp Green Lake. Stanley Yelnats (notice the palindrome) IV, an overweight teenage boy is the main character. He was falsely accused of stealing Clyde Sweet Feet Livingstons shoes. Clyde Livingston was a famous baseball player. He had donated his shoes to an auction and the profit, estimated at $5,000, was going to be given to the homeless shelter. Stanley was just at the wrong place at the wrong time. He had missed the school bus home that day because he had to fish his notebook out of the toilet because a bully, Derrick Dunne dropped it in there. He was walking home when the shoes came down from the sky and hit him on the hea...

How Insects Find Their Food Plants

How Insects Find Their Food Plants Many insects, like caterpillars and leaf beetles, feed on plants. We call these insects phytophagous. Some phytophagous insects eat a variety of plant species, while others specialize in eating only one, or just a few. If the larvae or nymphs feed on plants, the insect mother usually lays her eggs on a host plant. So how do insects find the right plant? Insects Use Chemical Cues to Find Their Food Plants We dont have all the answers to this question yet, but heres what we do know. Scientists believe that insects use chemical smell and taste cues to help them recognize host plants. Insects differentiate plants based on their odors and tastes. The chemistry of the plant determines its appeal to an insect. Plants in the mustard family, for example, contain mustard oil, which has a unique smell and taste to a foraging insect. An insect that munches on cabbage will probably also munch on broccoli since both plants belong to the mustard family and broadcast the mustard oil cue. That same insect would probably not, however, feed on squash. The squash tastes and smells completely foreign to a mustard-loving insect. Do Insects Use Visual Cues, Too? Heres where it gets a little tricky. Do insects just fly around, sniffing the air and following odors to find the right host plant? That might be part of the answer, but some scientists think theres more to it. One theory suggests that insects first use visual cues to find plants. Studies of insect behavior demonstrate that phytophagous insects will land on green things, like plants, but not brown things such as soil.  Only after landing on a plant will the insect use those chemical cues to confirm whether or not it has located its host plant. The smells and tastes dont actually help the insect find the plant, but they do keep the insect on the plant if it happens to land on the right one. This theory, if proved correct, would have implications for agriculture. Plants in the wild tend to be surrounded by a diversity of other plants. An insect looking for a host plant in its native habitat will invest a good deal of time landing on the wrong plants. On the other hand, our monoculture farms offer pest insects a nearly error-free landing strip. Once a pest insect finds a field of its host plant, it will be rewarded with the right chemical cue almost every time it lands on something green. That insect is going to lay eggs and feed until the crop is overrun with pests. Can Insects Learn to Recognize Certain Plants? Insect learning may also play a role in how insects find and choose food plants. Some evidence suggests that an insect develops a preference for its first food plant- the one where its mother laid the egg from which it hatched. Once the larva or nymph consumes the original host plant, it must go in search of a new food source. If it happens to be in a field of the same plant, it will quickly encounter another meal. More time spent eating, and less time spent wandering around looking for food, yields healthier, stronger insects. Could the adult insect learn to lay her eggs on plants that grow in abundance, and thus give her offspring a higher chance to thrive? Yes, according to some researchers. The bottom line? Insects probably use all of these strategies- chemical cues, visual cues, and learning- in combination to find their food plants. Resources and Further Reading The Handy Bug Answer Book. Gilbert Waldbauer.Host selection in phytophagous insects: a new explanation for learning in adults. J. P. Cunningham, S. A. West, and M. P. Zalucki.Host-Plant Selection by Insects. Rosemary H. Collier and Stan Finch.Insects and Plants. Pierre Jolivet.